Gender And Academic Performance Among College Students

Ethnic Identification in Relation to Gender and Academic Performance among College Students Only a certain number of people graduate from high school or obtain a GED. Even fewer of them go on to pursue a post-secondary education and obtain a degree. It is obvious that many factors contribute to this lowered rate of degree obtainment such as tuition cost, being overwhelmed by the advanced curriculum, and the loss motivation; however, another factor that may contribute to this issue is simply the way one feels about him/herself. Although the most crucial time for self/identity development is probably during adolescence, it is still possible for people’s sense of identity to change. It may be possible that people’s ethnic identity, specifically, can change as they become older and gain more life experiences. Identity is defined as a â€Å"tool† that individuals and groups use to classify and present themselves to others and the world (Owens, 2003). Ethnicity is one aspect of identity that has been studied in relation to academic performance by several different researchers. For instance, Zarate, Bhimji, and Reese (2005) examined how Latino/a high school youth, residing mostly in Southern California, chose ethnic labels to describe themselves. In this study, graduate Latino/a students from UCLA conducted interviews in the language that each participant chose: Spanish, English, or both. During these interviews, respondents were given a sheet of paper that included various ethnicShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Academic Performance...1690 Words   |  7 PagesFACTORS AFFECTING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF FIRST YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS OF THE DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF BANGUED FIRST SEMESTER 2010-2011 Mary B. Gallardo,MST-Math, Alfreinell S. Castillo, BSC, Jessie T. Sibayan, AB, Marianito T. Taeza, AB, and G. Regil D.Valera, BSCE Registrar’s Office, Divine Word College of Bangued June 1, 2011. The objective of this study was to examine factors such as age, gender, high school graduated from, and Grade Point Average (GPA) in fourth year and to identify whetherRead MoreStudent Athletes Are Stereotyped And Academic Performance1407 Words   |  6 PagesAs previously mentioned, a common area student-athletes are stereotyped is academic performance. As part of the dumb jock stereotype, student-athletes are seen as being academically inept. That is not always the case, however, as college athletes can perform at the same or higher level than their nonathlete peers. In a classic study examining athletes’ academic performance, Adler Adler (1985) used participant observation to study a major college basketball program for four years. These scholarsRead More The Fairness Of Academic Evaluation Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pages The Fairness of Academic Evaluation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American students used to pass from grade to grade with few complications. Getting into a college was effortless and acquiring degrees was a piece of cake. In 1983, A Nation at Risk was published and Americans realized how inferior their education systems really were. Due to the decline in test scores in American schools, education standards became much stricter and new intelligence exams were introduced. Presently, standardizedRead MoreDepression And Anxiety Among College Students Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesamongst college students and most cannot manage the high demands and stress (Falsafi, 2016). Therefore, they feel more prone to depression and anxiety (Falsafi, 2016). According to the authors Miller Chung, mental health amongst college students in the United States is a growing public health concern and educators are concerned about the low academic performance of college students and how it influences their mental health (Miller, Chung, 2009). Re search indicates that university students sufferRead MoreEffects Of Depression On College Students1335 Words   |  6 Pagesis founded more in College students. The 2012 from the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors indicated that 95% of counseling center directors believe that psychological problems are a growing concern and that depression is one of the most prevalent concerns with 36% of college students affected (Jennifer E. Merrill, 2014). Depression in college tends to lead to alcohol abuse because they are experiencing extreme depression. When college students have depression it affectsRead MoreThe Female Advantage For Education877 Words   |  4 Pagesto graduate from a four-year college than men and girls earn higher grades than boys throughout K-12 education on average. DiPrete and Buchmann investigate this gender gap in education and argue that the female advantage in education is not necessarily a â€Å"boy problem,† but a problem of the American educational system that fails to motivate and accommodate for students who are capable of obtaining a college degree but decides not to. While women’s educational performance and attainment exceed that ofRead MoreWhy Studying in an All-Female College is a Bad Idea Essays721 Words   |  3 PagesI got the chance to select an American college to study my civil engineering major. I had the option to choose from a diverse list of one hundred colleges, on which female colleges were included. Once I told my advisor I was interested on leadership and engineering she promptly specified I should apply to a specific female college. It looked interesting, I got amazed by the fact women were being scientists and great thinkers without the help of males. That situation was the opposite from my countriesRead MoreRelationship Between Connected Knowing And A Student s Academic Performance946 Words   |  4 Pagesseparate knowing (SK), and epistemological beliefs with studen t’s academic performance. These variables look at understanding how students acquire knowledge and their attitudes towards thinking and learning. As mentioned in the study done by Schommer-Aikins and Easter (2006) this study would provide future benefit to how students are being taught along with how to manage their time while studying. In addition, this study could result in students acquiring better study habits earlier on, data collected fromRead MoreDiscrimination Based On Sexual Orientation Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion, gender, or sexual orientation; this is defined as discrimination (Article 14: Protection from discrimination). In 2015, the United States House of Representatives amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was an act that protected discrimination in the workplace, so that it would protect against inequity in all aspects of life based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and sex (Cicilline). Although in today’s media there is much fo cus on bigotry for sexual orientation and gender identityRead MoreVariation Between Females And Males Anxiety Level Of English As Foreign Language Learning1025 Words   |  5 PagesImportantly, students from both of the two genders can perceive considerable level of language anxiety inside and outside the classroom environment. This phenomenon seems natural in foreign language classroom with relevance to the stress level of accompanied learning. Consequently, this led the researchers to study the role of anxiety among foreign language learners and review the current psychological factors which are involved in it, that reflect negatively on the students’` academic performance. This

Night, by Eliezer Wiesel Essay - 1060 Words

Throughout a person’s life, he or she expects to have a significant person who will always be there to help out with any given task. The first thought in one’s mind reveals an apparent image of a mother or father, caring for their child. Parents remain as constant representations of how one should care for another; they exhibit protective instincts their children become accustom to, and one would not know how to carry on without their guidance. Presented through the topics of assets, losses, and differing questions in his autobiography Night, Eliezer Wiesel displays the idea of how changing circumstances can cause one to contemplate everything they once held to be true and finite. Every person needs an anchor, someone†¦show more content†¦Another remarkable example of the idea that one’s family can be his or her anchor shows up when Elie runs into his relative Stein. Elie recalls Stein saying, â€Å"‘The only thing that keeps me alive [†¦ ] is to know that Reizel and the little ones are still alive. Were it not for them, I would give up’† (Wiesel 45). A clear statement of how much Stein’s family means to him, Elie lies to him, saying that they all continue to be safe. The thought of his family out of harm’s way brings peace to Stein’s troubled mind. The instance with Stein’s peace of mind appears identical to the speaker in â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham† when â€Å"The mother smiled to know that her child Was in the sacred place† (Randall 22-23). Knowing of her child’s whereabouts eases the mother’s mind. The mother expresses concern in previous lines of Randall’s poem, stating premonitions such as â€Å"the dogs are fierce and wild, And clubs and hoses, guns and jails† (6-7) and â€Å"I fear those guns will fire† (14). On an opposing side, Rabbi Eliahu’s son abandons his father in fear that his chances of surviving w ill be altered for the worse. Despite this unsightly fact, Rabbi Eliahu asks, â€Å"Perhaps someone here has seen my son?† (Wiesel 90). He hopes he may find his son, who he holds dear as his anchor. Inevitably, loss remains an ever-present reminder of howShow MoreRelatedNight, By Eliezer Wiesel1585 Words   |  7 Pages There are many important themes and overtones to the book Night, by Eliezer Wiesel. One of the major themes from the book includes the protagonist, and author of his memoire, Elie Wiesel’s ever changing relationship with God. An example of this is when Moche the Beadle asked Elie an important question that would change his life forever, as the basis of his passion and aptitude for studying the ancient texts and teachings of Judaism, â€Å"When Moche the Beadle asked Elie why he prayed, Elie couldn tRead MoreAltruism In Night By Eliezer Wiesel976 Words   |  4 PagesIn Night, altruism is what separates man from a beast of the concentration camp. Humans as a species differ from the majority of the animal kingdom in their willingness to sacrifice their own well-being for the benefit of others. To be human is to be compassionate and caring for your fellow man. In Night, Eliezer Wiesel shows that humanity can be usurped. Subjected to the inhuman conditions of the Nazi concentration camps, Eliezers sense of altruism and compassion essentially disappear, leavingRead MoreThe Novel Night By Eliezer Wiesel1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel Night by Eliezer Wiesel tells the tale of a young Elie Wiesel and his experience in the concentration camps,and his fight to stay alive . The tragic story shows the Jewish people during the Holocaust and their alienation from the world. Elie’s experience changes him mentally, and all actions taken while in the concentration were based on one thing...Survival. In the book, Elie talks a little about life before the Germans came in and forced them to give up their humanity. During thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliezer Wiesel s Night1480 Words   |  6 PagesEliezer Wiesel is a Nobel-Prize winning writer, teacher and activist known for the novel Night, in which he recounts his experiences surviving the Holocaust. After he was freed from Buchenwald in 1945, Wiesel went on to study at the Sorbonne in France from 1948-1951 and took up journalism, writing for the French and the Israeli publications. His friend, Francois Mauriac encouraged him to write about his experiences in the camps; Wiesel then published in Yiddish the memoir And the World Would RemainRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel842 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes of Night and the imagery that the author, Elie Wiesel, uses to create them. The themes we will discuss are identity, silence, and night. !!!About the Book If you were an observant Jew who believed in a loving God, then you and your family were captured by a group of ill-intentioned people, causing the death of your family, what would you think about whether God and humans are good or not? That is the main concern of Eliezer, the main character in Night. Night was writtenRead MoreNight : A Personal Account Of The Holocaust And The Brutal Reality Of Concentration Camps1353 Words   |  6 PagesSkipper Dr. Provost History 4336 6 October 2016 Night is a personal account of the Holocaust and the brutal reality of concentration camps in Poland. The short narrative is written by Elie Wiesel, an orthodox Jew, that was taken from his home in Sighet, a small town in Transylvania and forced to experience life within the walls of one of the deadliest concentration camps of the Holocaust. It was not until 1944 that Hungary, where Wiesel and his family resided, was affected by the catastropheRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the memoir Night, written by Elie Weisel, you take a journey through the 1940s, and learn what it was like to live during the Holocaust. Night records the life of Elie Wiesel during his teen years, and the oppression he and his family went through because of their Jewish descent. The Holocaust was a horrifying genocide where Adolf Hitler and the Nazis strived to wipe out the Jewish race, as well as Poles, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Gypsies, etc. Jews were taken from their homesRead MoreNight by Elie Wiesel646 Words   |  3 PagesTen years after WWII, Elie Wiesel’s novel Night was published in 1955. Night describes â€Å"his memories of life inside four different Nazi death camps,† as he was one of the few Jews to survive the Holocaust during WWII (Sanderson). Wiesel’s autobiographical novel makes him â€Å"the best-known contemporary Holocaust writer and novelist,† and reveals the impact of the concentration camps on humanity and for the individual (Sibelman).As a negative Bildungsroman, Night depicts â€Å"a coming of age story in whichRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 PagesJews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connect with the victims of the Holocaust, encourages themRead MoreNight Cause Effect Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesApril 9th, 2013 Merchant 2A Night Cause and Effect Essay The book called Night by Eliezer Wiesel is the true story of Wiesel’s experiences during the holocaust. Wiesel was born in the town of Sighet, Transylvania; he was a teenager when he and his family were taken from their home in 1944, and moved to the Auschwitz concentration camp. This book is Eliezer terrifying record of his memories about how Jewish people were transferred to concentration camps. Eliezer explains how the Nazis treated

Database Management System Relational Data Structures CQR

Question: Alan Counting, Edward Quals and Peter Rofit are in partnership in an accounting practice, CQR. The practice specialises in taxation, auditing and financial advice for small to medium sized clients. They started the practice in 2005 and it has grown to now employ 25 people. These employees include other accountants and office staff. Alan, Edward and Peter believe the practice is headed for a period of significant growth and have come to you to help them redevelop their Client Billing (CB) system so that it copes better with their workflows and supports future growth opportunities. At the moment, when a client turns up for a scheduled appointment or when an accountant visits a client, the client's information is referenced using the clients name. If it is the first contact between the practice and client, the client is asked to complete their details (i.e. name, address, contact name, contact number, ABN, TFN, structure, sector, service) on a client information form. Some of this information is optional based on the type of client and area they operate in. For example, some clients are simply salary and wage earners looking for assistance to complete tax returns and would not have an ABN, whilst others are companies requiring advice and assistance with the many different aspects of operating their business. Once the relevant information is obtained for a new client, a unique client number is allocated to the client. The client is the legal entity being dealt with by the practice and clients are created based on their business structure type. A client record can only have one structure type. Examples include sole trader, individual, private company, partnership and trust. If for example, two individuals operate a business as a private company, and they want their companys tax return completed as well as their own, a client record would be created for that private company and separate client records would be set up to deal with the affairs of each of the individuals. There are circumstances though where a legal entity sits within another but this is not obvious e.g. where the practice performs superannuation duties and compiles returns for a self-managed superannuation fund for an individual. In these circumstances, there are two client records - the individual and the superannuation fund. Sectors are the broad categories that allow grouping of clients for reporting purposes. Examples include retail, construction, financial services, hospitality and manufacturing. Occasionally new sector categories are created and the practice would like to record these with their code and description in a CRICOS Provider No. 00103D ITECH1006/5006 Database Management Systems - Assignment 1 Specification Sem3 2014 (201427) Vn. 2 Page 2 of 7 separate table. They would also like to be able to record that a client may operate in none, one or more sectors. Services are the broad categories that the practice offers. Examples include auditing, taxation, financial planning, corporate advice and superannuation administration. The practice would like to be able to record that a client must use at least one service but may use a number of services. The practice has a separate Human Resources (HR) system recording all employee details but for the purposes of billing, they record specific billing details about an employee within the CB system. This information is recorded based on the unique employee number assigned in the HR system. Within the CB system, all employees including Alan, Edward and Peter are given an employment domain, employee type, a charging/billing rate (see below) and an audit supervisor identifier. An employee may have multiple employment domains e.g. taxation, auditing, superannuation but only has one employee type e.g. accountant, administrator. The audit supervisor status refers to whether or not another employee is responsible for supervising and signing off on the audit of a client i.e. only the supervisor highest in the hierarchy is able to sign-off. Further details are recorded for each employee based on qualifications. An employee may have many qualifications and they may be specific to the particular employee type e.g. employees cannot have a public practice certificate unless they are an accountant. These qualifications should be chosen from a set rather than being separately keyed for each employee but they have had problems in their current system with ensuring the integrity of this data. All contact with the client - appointments at the client or at the practice's offices, letters, emails, phone calls to and from the client, auditing and stocktaking at the client - is billable to the client. All work conducted on behalf of the client - completing tax, superannuation or BAS returns, preparing Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet statements for the various legal entities used by a client/s, reviewing legislation or communicating with statutory authorities on behalf of the client - is also billable to the client. All staff bill/charge in spans of 15 minutes. That is, they record the amount of time they work on a particular client by entering a starting date and time for the work they do, as well as a category of work (these are from a reference set common to many accounting practices and occasionally have new references added) and must charge a minimum time of 15 minutes and charge in multiples of this amount. When they have finished their particular activity, they key in an ending time. They always end any opened charges on the same day. An employee can work for and bill against none, one or many clients. Two or more employees could work together on a job and in such a case separate billing records would be created for each employee. All employees as well as Alan, Edward and Peter have a charging rate which is the rate at which each individual is billed to the client. The charging rate is an hourly figure. The charging rates are reviewed yearly by Alan, Edward and Peter. Their review is based on consideration of: (a) the experience and salary of employees; (b) the overheads of the practice (some costs are not directly attributable to the client but are incurred as part of the running of the practice); and (c) their hoped for profit and distributions to themselves as partners. Alan, Edward and Peter generally follow a process of determining the hourly charge/bill rate per employee based on the employee's salary and then multiply by the same factor for all to arrive at thefinal charge rate for the employee. You are not expected to provide the algorithm for this process but as noted below they would like to record the rate and time period for which it applies. As well as charging employee time, the practice also on-charges for services or costs that are directly incurred on behalf of the client e.g. lodgement fees, penalties or fines. At the end of each month the practice runs its monthly account run. The outstanding balance from the previous month for a client is obtained (stored previously), any payments or credits received are itemised, any work or on-costs performed for the client are also itemised and an outstanding balance for the client is calculated (stored) and included on the account. In some cases, summaries of accounts are also produced and an amalgamated account sent to an individual responsible for payment of a number of different billing clients. All these processes are handled by a separate, existing Accounts Payable (AP) system. You do not need to do anything in this assignment with respect to the monthly account run and this description is provided as background. As part of their intended improvements, Alan, Edward and Peter would like their system to handle the following situations: (a) For new and existing clients, the sector they operate in is recorded literally against each client rather than allowing for predefined categories to be used and therefore allow multiple categories to be assigned to the client. Alan, Edward and Peter believe if they could correctly record these categories they could identify growth areas with individual clients and within sectors themselves; (b) Alan, Edward and Peter believe there is similar scope to offer add-on services to clients but the data recorded against the client is literal and does not align with the categorisation of services provided by the practice. Generally what is recorded is the 'service' the client originally contacted the practice to perform and because of this the practice may be unclear or missing out on offering other services the client would benefit from; (c) Up to now the practice has not been able to keep historical employee charging rates - when the new rates are keyed in, the historical records are lost - as that information is not kept to that detail in the AP system. Alan, Edward and Peter would like this to change so that it is possible to record the rate per employee against a time period for which the rate applies. They would like this functionality to be in the CB system; (d) The practice would like some idea of how clients 'fit together'. That is they would like to be able to understand how many clients they have that are related in some way but are separated by legal structures. This will assist them with understanding if they have missed out on any service opportunities with existing clients. For example they would like to be able to run a report that groups the three clients mentioned earlier the private company and the two individuals. In such a case the two individual client records would point/link to the private company client record and the private company client record would link to no others. In each client record therefore there should be a relationship link attribute that allows this linking. So now give those questions answers as according to all the current asspects: (1) E-R diagram: adherence to our standard, assumptions made, inclusion of correct primary and foreign keys, appropriate entities, relationships, and attributes. (2) Relational data structures: correct and meaningful translation of your E-R diagram. (3) Normalisation: appropriate interpretation of each normal form, arguments for leaving the schema in the normal form you consider optimal. (4) Conversion of E-R diagram to relational schema: schema is a correct translation of the E-R submitted with appropriate tables, columns, and primary keys Answer: (1) E-R diagram (2)Relational DataStructures (A) It contains the different structures provided by CQR to the clients CQRStructureTypes( Structure varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Structure) ); (B) It contains the different sectors provided by CQR to group the clents CQRSectorTypes( Sector varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Sector) ); (C) It contains the different services provided by CQR to the clients CQRServicesTypes( Service varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Service) ); (D) ParentClientID is just to have link for individuals who are part of any private client. CQRClientsInfo( ClientID varchar(10), Name varchar(20), Address varchar(100), ContactNumber varchar(20), ABN varchar(20), TFN varchar(20), Structure varchar(50), Sector varchar(50), Service varchar(50), ParentClientID varchar(10) primaryKey(ClientID, Sector, Service) foreignKey(Structure) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Structure) foreignKey(Service) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Service) foreignKey(Sector) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Sector) ); (E) It contains information about different domains CQR supports CQREmploymentDomains( EmploymentDomain varchar(20), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(EmploymentDomain); ); (F) It contains information about different employee types CQR supports CQREmpTypes( EmpType varchar(20), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(EmpType); ); (G) It contains emploees information CQREmployeesInfo( EmpID varchar(10), EmploymentDomain varchar(20), EmpType varchar(10), BillingRate float, SupervisorID varchar(10) primaryKey(EmpID, EmploymentDomain); foreignKey(EmploymentDomain) references to CQREmploymentDomains(EmploymentDomain); foreignKey(EmpType) references to CQREmpTypes(EmpType); ); (H) It contins the employee hour rates history CQREmployeeHourRatesHostory( EmpID varchar(10), StartDate Date, EndDate Date, BillingRate float foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID) ); (I) It contains the work categories those can be done to client CQRWorkCategories( WorkCategory varchar(20), Charge flaot primaryKey(WorkCategory) ); (J) It contians the Client billing information CQRClientBilling( ClientID varchar(10), EmpID varchar(10), WorkCategory varchar(20), StartTime Date, EndTime Date, Bill float primaryKey(ClientID, EmpID, WorkCategory) foreignKey(ClientID) references to CQRClientsInfo(ClientID) foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID) ); (3)Normalisation of relations which identifies (A)Many clients can be mapped to same strucure type CQRClientsInfo ----many-one------ CQRStructureTypes (B) same clients can be mapped many sectors and many clients mapped to many secotrs CQRClientsInfo ----many-many------ CQRSecotrsTypes (C)Same clients can be mapped many services and many clients mapped to many services CQRClientsInfo ----many-many------ CQRServiceTypes (D) Same employees mapped to many domains and many employees mapped to many domains CQREmployeesInfo ----many-many------ CQREmploymentDomains (E)Many employees mapped to one employee type CQREmployeesInfo ----one-many------ CQREmpTypes (F) One client mapped to many works and many clients mapped one work. CQRClientBilling ----many-many------ CQRWorkCategories (G)CQRClientsInfo is not in 1NF as address field is not atomic CQRClientsInfo key (ClientID, Sector, Service), rest of the columns depending on ClientID which is part of the key. It is not in 2NF. CQREmployeesInfo key (EmpID, EmploymentDomain), rest of the columns depending on EmpID which is part of the key. It is not in 2NF. CQRClientBilling key (ClientID, EmpID, WorkCategory), rest of the columns depending on ClientID which is part of the key, it is not in 2NF. Rest all other relations maintained in 3NF. (4)Relational schema corrected to 3NF: CQRStructureTypes(Structure, Description, primaryKey(Structure)); CQRSectorTypes(Sector, Description, primaryKey(Sector)); CQRServicesTypes(Service, Description, primaryKey(Service)); CQRClientsInfo(ClientID, Name, StreetName, City, Country, ContactNumber, ABN, TFN, Structure, ParentClientID, primaryKey(ClientID), foreignKey(Structure) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Structure)); CQRClientsSectors(ClientID, Sector, primaryKey(ClientID, Sector), foreignKey(Sector) referenced by CQRSectorsTypes(Sector)); CQRClientsServices(ClientID, Service, primaryKey(ClientID, Service), foreignKey(Service) referenced by CQRServicessTypes(Service)); CQREmployeeHourRatesHostory(EmpID, StartDate, EndDate, BillingRate, foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID)); CQRWorkCategories(WorkCategory, Charge, primaryKey(WorkCategory)); CQRClientBilling(ClientID, StartTime, EndTime, primaryKey(ClientID)); CQRClientWorkCategories(ClientID, WorkCategory primaryKey(ClientID) foreignKey(WorkCategory) references to CQRWorkCategories(WorkCategory)); CQRClientEmployees(ClientID, EmpID primaryKey(ClientID) foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID));

People V. Larry Flynt Essay Example For Students

People V. Larry Flynt Essay The movie of focus, People vs. Larry Flynt, is a film by Milos Forman which stars Woody Harrelson as Flynt. Larry Flynt is the president and publisher of Hustler magazine. Hustler is sort of the Mad magazine of written pornography which was started in the early 1970s. The interest for me was seeing how this movie depicts the sexual exploitation of women in the sex industry with a specific look at how the material devalues women. The movie starts out in 1952 with a young Larry Flynt along with his younger brother peddling moonshine somewhere in Kentucky. Twenty years later they own a strip club in Cincinnati, Ohio called Hustler. Larry says, If we could let people know what great lays these girls are, wed have something. His magazine begins with an idea of a Hustler newsletter containing only a few double sided pages of written and nudie material geared for men on the go. From there he built a million dollar porn magazine which today is sold globally. The moral majority protested heavily against Flynt and his magazine on grounds that the material was corrupting peoples thoughts and actions. Keep in mind, Playboy magazine was legally operating at this time. The difference between the two magazines was not that they contain nude pictures of women but the quality of the pictures themselves. Hustlers pictures were more vivid, real and risky; Playboys pictures were more artsy geared for an upper class man. Hustler also included pictures and stories of the sexual acts like bestiality. Flynt raised eyebrows and dropped jaws with every issue of his magazine, but one issue in particular really got peoples attention. In this issue, the magazine targeted the Reverend Jerry Falwell, former president of the Moral Majority, in a liquor ad parody recounting his first time. The ad featured Falwells first time with his mother in an outhouse. Falwell sued Flynt for libel, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Hearin g this Flynt counter sued which ultimately brought this case to the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1988, the high court ruled unanimously in Flynts favor. As you can imagine, the ruling exacerbated the controversy further among the moral majority, feminist, and freedom lovers across the nation. After viewing this movie, I decided to redirect my research from how pornography devalues women to the controversial issue of the high courts decision. I found that probably the biggest groups to debate censorship of pornography are those feminist groups. However, they dont agree as a whole; the groups are split in half. Some feminists believe that pornography doesnt degrade women; it empowers them and censorship of things like pornography would only bring further discrimination. On the other hand, we have those right winged feminist who sincerely believe that degradation of women in pornography leads to criminal acts such as rape. They only reach a consensus in regards to strengthening their 1st Amendment Right by protesting against pornography or supporting it. Unsure of my opinion on the correlation of pornography and rape, I considered two articles: (1) Egalitarian, sexist, and aggressive sexual materials: attitude effects and viewer responses; and (2) Mens enjoyment of explicit erotica: effects of person-specific attitudes and gender-specific norms. In the first article, research on sexual attitudes was conducted among a sample of college students in Syracuse University. Hypothesis one was that both sexist and sexually aggressive scenes would increase acceptance of sexist attitudes; Hypthothesis two was that only sexually aggressive scenes would increase acceptance of rape myths and sexual coercion (Bauserman, 1988). Study one was conducted to identify the ways in which the sample described what sexism and sexual aggression meant to the sample. The second study examined change in attitude. Hypothesis one was weakly supported. Hypothesis two was totally rejected. This wasnt surprising to me. The idea that there is more correlation than th at is absurd, because violence is not sexual in any way. It is simply an act of empowerment over another individual using coercive means of doing so. In the case of rape, it is a sexual invasion to achieve a sense of domineering gratification for the offender over the victim to intentionally inflict harm. Therefore, rape and sex or sexuality can not be linked together. The second article focuses on the definitional differences between erotica and pornography. These two terms are commonly misconstrued in an industry such as pornography. By dictionary terms, erotica is defined as of, devoted to, or tending to arouse sexual love or desire, erotica as literary or artistic work having an erotic theme or quality (Lopez, 1995). Almost alike, pornography is defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement(1995). Studies were conducted to measure men and womens responses to sexually explicit material and to see whether gender-specific norms had anything to do w ith the enjoyment exhibited from several slides. The investigator approached person-specific attitude studies using an Erotophobia-Erotophilia terms which are defined as the disposition to respond to sexual cues along a negative-positive dimension of affect and evaluation (1995). The idea was that the enjoyment of the explicit material would be influenced by an individuals person-specific attitude. Lopez argues that the difference of gender-specific norms of males and females in sex is positively correlated with the enjoyment of sexually explicit materials. More specifically, gender-specific sexual norms for men allow more freedom for them to view the material and to express their supported desire openly through masturbation for example. Womens gender-specific sexual norms are more inhibited. This hypotheses were supported through his research. .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .postImageUrl , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:visited , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:active { border:0!important; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:active , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Since the dawn of human existence and literally th EssayWith the above said, it is safe to indulge deeper symbolically to give some meaning to why there is a double standard of sex between men and women. Perhaps women are supposed to be more conservative according to societal sexual norms. When a women dresses more provocatively, or she is promiscuous, she is referred to derogatorily. When the same situations for men are considered, its just a part of his manly hood. This could give some insight to why rape victims attain a sense of self responsibility for the rape or why some people think a women, a prostitute for example, might deserve a violation of rape because they br ought it on themselves. The fact about pornography is that it illustrates material that is brought from the private sphere to the public. It illustrates personal sexual material that defies what it considered moral among people with deep religious belief. Perhaps the major problem with pro-sex feminism has been its failure to embrace the mens magazines (Paglia, 1996). Do you think that if women participated actively in supporting porn magazines people wouldnt be so conservative about sexual ideas? Do you think if there was a balance in pornographic material among men and women alike there would be debate about the devaluation of women? I think sexual attitudes would become more liberal and women and men might find common interest with each other in that aspect. It would open doors sexually for couples in bedrooms. I disagree with the moral majority that pornography corrupts the mind and body. I believe if an individual is socialized knowing the difference in erotica and pornography there would be a deeper u nderstanding of sexual exploration and whats all involved including whats deviant. The movie, People vs. Larry Flynt, is really about 1st Amendment Rights. However, I found it thought provoking in regards to the big debate between Anti-porn feminists and those freedom lovers who think that an opposing decision of the Supreme Court in this particular case could have meant the abolishment of all 1st Amendment Rights to everyone no matter what the subject. Pornography in this case is simply a matter of taste not law. ReferencesBauserman, Robert. Egalitarian, sexist, and aggressive sexual materials: attitude effects and viewer responses. The Journal of Sex Research. V. 35, no.3 (1998). P. 244-53. Formon, Milos, dir. People vs. Larry Flynt. With Woody Harrelson and Edward Norton. Columbia Pictures, 1996. Lopez, Peter A.; George, William H. Mens enjoyment of explicit erotica: effects of person-specific attitudes and gender-specific norms. The Journal of Sex Research v. 32, no. 4 (1995). P. 275-88. Spalding, Alison D. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Gender Studies. Is The Sex Industry Harmful to Women? Ed. Camille Paglia. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 1998. 66-73.