The Relation Between the Customer Behavior and Shopping Centre

Title The relation between the customer behavior and shopping centre promotion Author(s) RISHI The relation between the customer behaviour and shopping centre promotion Citation Issue Date 22/3/2012 URL Rights 2002 http://hdl. handle. net/10722/28778 The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent rights) and the right to use in future works. The Relation between the Customer Behaviour and Shopping Centre Promotion: A Case Study of Whampoa Garden TSE Chun Wai DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Housing Management The University of Hong KongDecember 2002 DECLARATION i declare that this dissertation, entitled The relationship between the customer behaviours and shopping centre promotion: A case study of Whampoa Garden, represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. un Wai Acknowledgement This paper intends to show the relationship between the customer behaviors and shopping centre promotion, to understand the problem of the shopping entre by studying the customer behaviors and examining the shopping promotion strategies. Firstly the author sincerely thanks Mr. Bonny Chiu who has worked ? n Whampoa Garden ? n the property management department, for his assistance ? n providing information about the details of Whampoa Garden and promotion strategies. Secondly, thanks must be expressed to Ms. Candy Lam and Ms. Jessica Wong; classmates of Master of Housing Management have given valuable information regarding the shopping centre under their management. Thirdly, the author must also thank Ms.June Yau and Mona So for helping with word processing and production of the final typescript and proofreading. Finally, the author wants to thank Dr. Eddie Hui, the supervisor of this dissertation, for his valuable guidan ce and support in the research of this paper. THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG i. I Il W ir . J Thesis Collection Deposited by the Author Contents Acknowledgement Abstract 1. Introduction ti Am and objectives p. 1 1. 2 Methodologies 1. 3 Researchmethod I . 4 Implication of the study 1. 5 Sourceofdata 2. p. 2 p. 3 p. 3 p. 4 P. 4 Customer behavior and shopping centre p. 5 2. 1 The definition fcustomerbehaviour Dynamic customer behaviour Interaction Exchanges 2. 2 Why people go shopping 2. 3 Factors affecting shopping behaviours and motivations 2. 4 Changingofshoppinghabit 2. 5 Goal and characteristic of customer 2. 6 Conceptual models and customer characteristics 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 6. 1 2. 6. 2 2. 6. 3 2. 6. 4 Huff1s topological model (1960) Timmermans' conceptual model (1982) Sheth's integrative theory 2. 6. 3. 1 Choicecalculus 2. 6. 3. 2 ShoppIng motives 2. 6. 3. 3 Shopping option Lindquist(1974-1975) 3. What is a â€Å"shopping centre†? 3. 1 The principle of a shopping ce ntreIdentification the positioning, role and function of a shopping 3. 1 1 centre 3. 1. 2 Location ata shopping centre 3. 1. 3 Catchmeritarea 3. 1. 4 Accessibility and interlink 3. 1. 5 TenantMix 3. 1. 6 Decoration Shopfront 3. 1. 7 Entrances 3. 1. 8 3. 1. 9 Finishes 3. 1. 10 Signagesystem 3. 1. 11 Marketing 3. 1. 12 Management 3. 1. 13 Promotion . 3. 2 Typeofshoppingcentre 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 The neighborhood centre The community shopping centre p. 5 p. 6 p. 6 p. 6 p. 7 p. 8 p. 10 pli p. 11 p12 p. 12 p. 12 p. 13 p. 13 p. 14 p. 14 p. 17 p. 18 p. 18 p. 19 p. 19 p. 19 p. 20 p. 20 p. 21 p. 21 p. 22 p. 22 p. 23 p. 3 p. 23 p. 24 p. 25 p. 26 32. 3 The regonaI shopping centre 3. 2. 4 Specialty shopping centre 3. 3 The development of shopping centre 3. 4 Dev&opment of shopping centres in Hong Kong 3. 4. 1 Firstphase 3. 4. 2 Second phase 3. 4. 3 Third phase 4. CasestudyofwhampoaGarden 4. 1 background information and characteristic of Whampoa Garden 4. 1. 1 Development 4. 1. 2 Accessibility 4. 1. 3 Catchrnentarea and interlink 4. 1. 4 Conceptofnewtown 4. 1. 5 Theme Concept 4. 1. 6 Varietyofshop 4. 1. 7 Continuous refurbishment 4. 1. 8 Shoppingmanagement 4. 1. 9 Cleaning 4. 1. 10 Security 4. 1. 11 Air-conditioning 4. 1. 2 Maintenance & repair 4. 2 Findings Irnageattributes 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 1. 1 Recreational experience 4. 2. 1. 2 Userfriendly 4. 2. 1. 3 Stores 4. 2. 1. 4 Qualityofstores 4. 2. 1. 5 Easeofusebycarandbus 4. 2. 2 Shoppers characteristics 4. 2. 2. 1 Gender 4. 2. 2. 2 Shopping accompanied 4. 2. 2. 3 Travel model 4. 2. 2. 4 Occupation 4. 2. 2. 5 Monthly income 4. 2. 2. 6 Frequency of visits 4. 2. 2. 7 Presence of undesirable characters 5. Problems ofWhampoa Garden p. 32 p. 32 p. 32 p. 32 p. 34 p. 34 p. 34 P. 37 p. 38 p. 38 p. 39 p. 39 P. 40 p. 40 P. 41 p. 41 p. 41 p. 41 p. 4. 2 p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 p. 44 p. 44 p. 45 . 45 p. 45 p. 46 p. 47 Inadequate parking facilities Uncovered footpaths/insufficient interlinks Unsuccessful theme concept p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 49 p. 50 Lack ofanchorteriants p. 51 Recession of retailing industry p. 52 5. 1 Lack of mass transportation network 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 p. 27 p. 27 p. 28 p. 29 p. 30 p. 30 p. 30 6. Recommendations and shopping centres in the future 6. 1 Understandshopper'sneed 6. 2 HK$10 Plaza discountoutlets 6. 3 Transportation p. 54. p. 54 p. 54 p. 55 6. 4 Parking spaces arid footpath 6. 5 Marketing strategies 6. 6 Signage 61 Development of theme concept 6. 8 Promotion . 8. 1 Advertising 6. 8. 2 Personal selling 6. 83 Sales promotion 6. 8. 4 Publicity p. 56 p57 p. 57 p. 58 p. 58 p. 59 p. 59 p. 59 p. 59 7. Conclusion p. 61 Questionnaires p. 63 Summary results of questionnaire for customers p. 68 Bibliography p. 73 Abstract In Hong Kong, the accessibility and transportation network of newly constructed site is highly important. The transport links, especially by means of Mass Transit Railway and Kowloon-Canton Railway, are vital to the retailers, as these would increase footfall, which can bring thetn more p otential customers. However, it is all for the shoppers?Where will they go and why will they shop? Customers' shopping habits and preference has changed over years. Most importantly, it has gone along with the development and construction of shopping centre. Now instead of shopping in the sheet, shopping in huge department stores is a new trend. This paper aims at assessing the factors in attributing to the shoppers' decision by starting with a brief description of customer's behavioural models and the development of shopping centre in Hong Kong. Determining elements include convenience, pleasant and entertainment environment, tenant mix, leisure facilities and catchment, etc.Whampoa Garden is selected as the case study Overall, the findings shows active, well planned, coordinated and periodical promotion should be operated throughout the year. Besides promotion, the infrastructure of shopping centres also plays a vital role in deciding the retail pattern and the tenant mix. Therefo re, active promotion activities and continual development of shopping centres should be used as the strategy to meet the ever-changing demand and improve the image of the centre for their specified clientele. 1. Inlroduction Shopping centres are vital to our economy.Different planning of shopping centres causes different sizes and arrangements. However, all these planning would bear two purposes in mind – to provide an optimum retailing environment for the tenants and to meet the needs of customers. In recent decades, shopping centres are becoming increasingly important for the services they provide to individual consumers and many ways in which they benefit the communities in which they are located. Developers should want to know how and why people shop in their shopping centres, but others just have a fare dodging and walking in the centre.From a commercial standpoint, it may distinguish consumer behaviour from other activities. This is the point for the shopping centre bec ause profits are generated when consumers select the shopping centre rather than another. Consumers are more interested in the facilities provided by the shopping centres, so that they could spend their time arid money in there. The improvement of living standard in Hong Kong has to lead the transformation of shopping behaviour of the residents. Formerly, markets were just places where people gather together for retail activities.Nowadays, shopping centres have become multifunctional, and it is an enclosed area not only for shopping, but also for entertainment and amusement. A successful shopping centre must have the right location, (easy to access) good management; effective marketing strategy arid the right tenant mix for the demographic profile of the population it serves. However, the attraction of the shopping centre will slip downwards or fade away with the passage of time: demographic changes, competition arising from the other new shopping centres, etc. All these pose as gre at challenge for the status of an existing shopping centre.Therefore, strategies are required for rejuvenation. The aim far promoting shopping centres is to improve their overall commercial potentials and auxiliary facilities. In addition, the shoppers' behaviors and characteristics, (preference, the choices ofthe retails shops, etc. ) as well as location of the shopping centre also have to consider. Furthermore, the competition from new shopping centres compels existing shopping centres to seek for the best ways and strategies to revive the business of a shopping centre. 1. 1 Aim and Objectives The aims of this study are to investigate and evaluate strategies for the shopping entre promotion in upgrading the value of a shopping centre. Factors such as marketing stand point, competition from other competitors, demographic of the surrounding areas, social and economic situation will be considered. In addition, this paper will study the consumer behaviour and characteristics, such as place of residence, mode oftransportation, frequency ofvisit and consumer images. The objectives ofthis study are as follows: I. I . i To conduct a literature review on the characteristics and the development 2 of shopping centre through a case study on â€Å"Whampoa Garden Shopping Centre† located at Hung Horn; . i . 2 To study the behaviour of the customers; i . 1. 3 To identify the decision problems and preferences ofthe customers; i . i . 4 To analyze the store image from the view ofthe customers; 1. 1. 5 To study why shopping centres require promotion strategies? and; i . 1 . 6 To examine the shopping centre promotion strategies; 12 Methodologies in the theoretical framework, reference has been made to relevant books, magazines, newspaper, annual reports, journals as well as data from census and government statistics. In addition, marketing, promotion and management of shopping centres will also be included.In order to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the customer behaviours and shopping centre promotion, this essay will examine two broad measures. The frequency of visit, purpose, accessibility, facilities, image and overall impression of the shopping centre would be identified. Moreover, the age group, sex, place of living, working condition, income and household size of the customers will be studied. In order to examine the taxonomies adopted by previous researchers of consumer (spatial) shopping behaviour such as Shepherd and Thomas, (1980); Spiggle and Sewell, (1987).The models such as Huffs topological model; Timmerman's conceptual model; Sheth's integrative theory and Lindquist will be reviewed. Those theories are focused on the perception of the shoppers relating to the shopping centre's image. Through the above methods, developers can select the right tenants and promotion strategies to generate income and promote the shopping centre image. On the other hand, a successful shopping centre can through the information such a s age, income group and the customers' behaviour, can decide the trade of business and formulate promotion strategies to attract customers to visit. 1. 4 Implication ofihe StudyThe study will find out the behaviours of customers, and the relationships among the tenants, developers and the customers. In addition, the shopping centre promotion will also influence the investment atmosphere and affect the income of the developers. The above study can be a reference for other aging shopping centres in carrying out revival programme. LS Source of Data This study is hard to get secondary data for the shopping condition since relevant parties are reluctant to provide their business strategies. Surveys would be carried out with the tenants and customers of the shopping centre in order to obtain the 4 first hand-data.On the other hand. , through interviews with the management staff and office staff, more information and data can also be obtained. Surveys and questionnaires will be conducted t o obtain the primary data. The questionnaire is printed in Chinese since the majority of' Hong Kong's population is Chinese. It contains questions about customer behaviour, personal particu1ar and the image of a shopping centre. 5 2. Customer Behaviour and Shopping Centre Customers spend their time in purchasing goods and services, at the appropriate places where they will visit. In addition, they also like to spend their leisure time for their aily activities such as entertainment, gathering arid shopping. Shopping centres provide them a place to meet these needs. What kind of shopping centre would be suitable for them; what kind of function and facilities should the centres have; what kind of market strategies and what kind of promotion can induce more customers to visit the centre. I [J1J1IIff According to Arnould, Price and Zinkham (2002), customer behaviours define as individuals or groups acquiring, using, and disposing of products, services, ideas, or experiences. Consumer be haviour also includes the acquisition and use of information.Therefore, communicating with consumers and receiving feedback from them is a crucial part of consumer behaviour of interest to marketers. Consumers may consist of individuals or groups including families, clubs and organizations, purchasing units within corporations, and government departments. Consumer behaviour is the study of human responses to products, services, arid the marketing of products and services. This topic is of considerable importance to marketing managers and marketing researchers because the focus on the consumers is the key contribution of marketing to business practice.Other business function (e. g. , finance, accounting and production) either neglect the consumer or overlook the consumer entirely. Organizations that lose sight of their consumers cannot compete effectively against firms that stay close to their consumers. Managers who really understand their customers develop better products and servi ces, promote their products and services more effectively, and adopt marketing plans and strategies that foster sustainable competitive advantages for their products and services. Furthermore, managers who know their consumers cari reach and satisfy them more efficiently.Such managers are important assets to any organization and are rewarded accordingly (Kardes 2002). The American Marketing Association defines consumer behaviour as â€Å"the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behaviour, arid environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. † There are at least three important ideas that pointed out in this definition: (1) consumer behaviour is dynamic; (2) it involves interactions between effect and cognitions, behaviours, and environmental events; and (3) it involves exchanges. The following implications are put forward. 2. 1. 1 namicCnsumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is dynamic and means individual consumers, consumers grou ps, and society at ‘arge are constantly changing and evolving across time. 2. 1. 2 Interaction It means that to understand consumers and develop superior marketing strategies, we must understand what they think (cognitions) and feel (effect), what they do (behaviour, and the things and places (environmental) that influence and are 7 influenced by what consumers think, feel, and do. 2. 1. 3 Exchanges These make the definition of consumer behaviour consistent with current definitions of marketing that also emphasize exchange.In fact, the role of marketing is to create exchanges with consumers by formulating and implementing marketing strategies (Peter and Olson, i 993). 2. 2 Why People GoShopping Why do people do the things they do? More specifically, why do they buy and consume the products, services, experiences, and brands they do? People always mention that when they are feeling low or want to reward themselves by shopping, and shopping can be interpreted as a pleasure or a self-gift. The role of shopping and purchasing has taken on dramatic new meaning and trend to be a recreational shopping.The modem, self-enclosed shopping centre in all its variant forms has become a site to which consumers make frequent visits to satisfy a wide variety of needs including those aesthetic enjoyment, problem solving, and personal display. These trends lead the emergence of the largest shopping centre such as Disney World, Universal Studios, and the like. Such shopping centres provide retail environments combine in shopping and entertainment. Going shopping is a major source of relaxation as well as a household chore. [:1 When people realize that a good store exposed the greatest portion of its goods to he greatest number of its shoppers for the longest period of time, which put its merchandise in the path and the field of vision in a way that invites people for consideration. We're all aware of how shopping means different things to different people at different times . We use shopping as therapy, reward, bribery, pastime, as an excuse to get out of the house, as a way to troll for potentia' loved ones, as entertainment, as a forni of education or even workshop, as a way to kill time. There are compulsive shoppers doing serious damage to their bank accounts and credit ratings, who use shopping as a cry for help (Underhil, i 999, p. 5-96). People going to shopping centres as all new modem shopping centres provide leisure spaces and varies facilities such as mini cinema, indoor family games stores and funfafr style shops. In addition, the enclosed environment, controlled climate, patrol of centre's security guards and the promotion events give customers a feeling of warmth, safety, comfort and satisfaction. In addition, people going shopping can be broadly divided into three categories, they visit the supermarket to buy household chores; occasional visits the regional shopping centre to buy fashion goods, elecirical app1iances and recently shopping centre as place for people gathering together and enjoy of fun. As Beddington stated in i 99 1 that shopping is a primary human activity in which almost every individual in civilized society Building and services for takes part, inevitably almost daily. shopping are as closely related to housing as those for education, health, administration and entertainment. Bund1in of products, product components, and services is an important consideration for manufacturers, retailers, and service providers bringing their goods and services to market. Bundling typically takes one or two forms: pure or mixed (Adams and Yellen, i 976).There are four factors that affecting customers' intention to buy product and service. (1) whether the product and service are pure and mixed; (2) the price discounts of a pure goods and service in comparison to the sum of the component of mixed; (3) the functional relationship among the components and (4) number of components. As more and more shopping centres estab lished with the development of property market, it is undeniable that the competition becomes more intense. Also as the economy recession of Hong Kong has not yet fully recovered, customers cautiously evaluate the goods and services when they use their savings, and he anchor product and service that they can obtain as they are become extra pricesensitive. On the other hand,, Shenzhen, a city in mainland China just about one hour from Hong Kong by train, offers attractive entertainment facilities and low- priced retail goods in various shopping complex. To a certain extent, it actually draws much Hong Kong customers away from Hong Kong' s more expensive stores and restaurants. In general, most retail shops inside shopping centres use lo price as its competitive tool to combat competition. It is not difficult to find that shopping malls range from metropolitan to eighborhood emphasize the concept of â€Å"Discount†, † Mega Sale† it is especially obvious in some fest ivals which usually highlight the provision of ‘crazy sa1e during festival. As a result, the provision of discount become a general practice to marketers and become a norm to shoppers. Without the benefit of discount, customers are more Likely to delay their consumption or shift to others stores with the provision of discount. Thus, it is not a long-term measure to combat competition. Ji}! iIU1iIk') tii flhlTi In the past, daily products such as provisions, wet foods are gathered in market; atching movie, shopping, entertainment, games and shopping are located in different places, performed at different times for specific people. Recently, the new modem shopping centres are characterised by new spatial form including leisure and consumption activities at the same place for different people. Centres are all modem and well-managed, together with special layout to attract tenants and customers. Many centres adopt the policy of encouraging independent and specialist outlets to pro vide more choices and lower price for the customers.The concept of tenant mix is widely used is shopping management, it provides a one-stop services for the customers, so that customers can obtain their needs in one trip. In addition, the centre is also provided security patrol system, cleaning 11 service, temperature controlled and the promotion events, customers can enjoy their life here in the enclosed environment, make them feel warmth, comfort, safety and satisfaction. Furthermore, people are looked busier; they would like to save their shopping time and use for entertainment and pursuit of personal interest and other leisure time activities.Nowadays, people are more enjoy the largest one-shop shopping centres, which providing them convenient and efficient shopping. In order to attract more customers visiting the shopping centre, shopping centre not only providing convenient and efficient shopping for customers, it also develop as a place for leisure activities and create parti cular themes to upgrade their ability to competition. Recently, there has been a trend for developer to provide mini cinemas, indoor family games stores, funfair style shops and food courts inside the shopping centre. Therefore, customers regard as part of their life or entertainment and enjoyment of their leisure time, this lead to increasing the pedestrian flow. In order to attract more pedestrian flow, developer recognized that some of the customers are only spent their leisure time in the centre without any purchasing. However, the large of pedestrian flow will induce investors and tenants to invest in the shopping centres, in which with recreational, entertainment and extra facilities. Finally, shoppers like to visit shopping centre when shopping promotion is held. As lifestyle of Hong Kong people is so excited, more and more shoppers strive for he feeling of relaxation during their weekends or holidays with families and 12 friends. They usually prefer to spend a day at shoppin g centre, which can provide one-stop services. 2. 5 Goal and Characteristic of CuMomer Women shop not out of devotional love for family members, and their shopping behaviours is an investment in their families and relationships with family members. Purchasers are rationalized not in terms of what was spent, but in terms of savings and thrift. The savings and thrift generated through shopping then constitute funds that can be given to dependents and descendents (Price, Arnould, Zirikhan, 2002). 6 Conceptual Mxle1s and Customer Characteristics In the following, the major ideas from and models derived by Huff, Timmerman, Sheth, Lindquist and Wee be briefly discussed. 2. 6. 1 Huff's Topological Model (1960) It attempts to derive simple deductive models of consumer spatial behaviour and cognition, Potter (1982) considers that one ofthe landmarks was the graph theoretical or topological model of consumers space preferences developed by Huff(1960) (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G . (1992, p. 46)).According to Huff, consumer spatial behaviour was determined by the interaction of three systems; the value, behaviour-space perception and movement imagery. These refer to (i) the geographical location of the consumer of the consumer and his/her personal traits; (ii) the perceived characteristics of the retail outlet; and (iii) the perceive and objective features 13 of the transport network and the mode of travel. 2. 6. 2 Timmermans' ConceptiialModel (1982) The model suggests that the decision problem such as the type of goods to be bought, together with the consumers value system, information levels, etc. , efines a set of decision criteria for the consumer which conditions the perception of the objective physical environment containing all potential outlets (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 47)). The decision making process makes this model involves an evaluation of each destination, base on the rating to evaluate attributes and Timmerman assu mes that consumer will chose their the destination with the highest scale value. In addition, he further points out that familiarity with the various shopping opportunities and whether they are within reasonable travel time are two important factors in this respect. . 6. 3 Sheth's integrative theory Sheth formulates a theory of shopping behaviour and a theory of shopping preference. A theory of shopping behaviour includes four types of unexpected events can intervene between preference and behaviour, such as events occur between the time and place when shopping preference and intentions are established and when actual shopping behaviour takes place (McGoldrick, Peter J and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 47)). Sheth further postulated three basic constructions interact to determine a shopper' s preference or shopping predisposition. 14 2. 6. 3. Choice calculus Sheth used three systems such as sequential, dominant and tradeoff as the first construct by which consumers may match their sho pping motives with their shopping operation. In which sequential calculus eliminated shopping options that do not satisfy this motive until all shopping motives have been utilized. Tradeoff calculus involves the evaluation of each shopping option on aU shopping motives simulianeously to obtain an overall acceptability score. Finally, dominant calculus evaluates each shopping option only on the most impor. ant shopping motive. 2. 6. 3. 2 SlmppingmotivesShopping motives refer to shopper's needs and wants related to the choice that shoppers looking for. In 1983, Sheth provided a distinction between functional needs and non-functional needs; functional need is the shoppers need for the low prices or some products such as food, and non-functional need is the shoppers want to shop just for relieve boredom or some products such as clothes. In addition, Sheth mentioned that personal values, social values and epistemic values influence shopper's shopping motives. He further mentioned that sp ecial products also can influence shopper' s motives. 2. 6. 3. Shopping option According to Sheth, shopping options are determined by three market factors such as location, retail structure and positing/image. 15 2. 6. 4 Lindguist (1974-1975) Store image attributes groupings (McGoldrick, Peter J, and Thompson, Mark G. (1992, p. 59)). In this mode1 it describes nine store image attributes, which contributes to image formation or to favourable/unfavourable consumer attitudes towards outlets of various types. 2. 7 Shopping Centre Image Attributes AccordIng to Wee (1986) a basket of 27 attributes was worked out though an examination of coefficient alpha values.It was thought to adequately represent the domain of shopping centre image. By grouping the 27 attributes into different categories, 8 major factors of the customers towards store image are come out for ease analysis. Detail ofthe factor analysis is as follows:- Factor 1: Recreational Experience According to Wee, this factor accou nts for 3 1 . 2% of the variance and incorporates most of the â€Å"activity oriented†. These are, in descending order of leadings, a place to spend time, an â€Å"in place† to go, a place to go when the weather is bad, a place to take children and a place to eat or drink. Two feature related variables, ecor and spaciousness, also lead significantly and are consistent with this interpretation. Factor 2: JJr Friendliness This label was chosen to describe the group of variables loading with factor 2. Most of these attributes are features, which make the centre an easier and more 16 pleasant place to use. These attributes that are unique to this factor are the helpfulness of store staff, friendliness of the atmosphere, standard of security, toilet facilIties, seating area and air condoning. The two other attributes, place to eat or drink and a place to take children, load higher with factor i.Factor3: Stores It comprises the four attributes relating to stores at the cente r, rather than the centre itself. These rated the choice of major stores, the variety of stores, the product selection available within the stores and the general quality ofthe stores. Factor 4: Quality of Environment It combines the four attributes relating to the appearance and design of the centre, namely, cleanliness, lighting, spaciousness and decor. Factor 5: Ease ofUse by Car It represents the level of accessibility to car users, who tend to be in the majority at this centre. t is possibly surprising that layout loaded within this factor, rather than factor 2 or 4. This could suggest that the layout of at very large centre is associated more strongly with accessibility than with the internal feature of the centre. Factor6: Others Factor 6 was labeled â€Å"crowding† incorporating the level of crowds and the number of undesirable characters. Factor 7, labeled â€Å"ease of use by bus† combines the opening hours and access by bus; this provides a reminder that ope ning hours are, 17 in effect one element of accessibility. Only on attribute loads significantly ithin factor 8, the general leveL of prices. In this essay, survey will be conducted by using some attributes, which are mentioned above, for the analysis of the consumer behaviour of Whampoa. 18 3. What is a â€Å"SltoppingCentre†? The use of the world â€Å"mall† to describe a pedestrianised shopping street almost certainly originated in North America in ari effort to convey a greater sense of space, quality and elegance than is normally associated with an arcade. Malls are usually covered and wide enough to provide a central area for planting, seating, fountains and other furniture.Although shops fronting an arcade are usually smaller than those in a shopping mall, the basic difference between a mall and an arcade lies not in the types of shops found in them but in the volume of space between the frontages (Northen and Flaskoll 1977). The shopping centre is distinct from other forms of commercial retail development. It is a specialized, commercial land use and building type, which today is found throughout the world but until the late 1 970s thrived primarily in America suburbia, occurring only rarely in downtowns or rural areas. Over the years, it has been ransformed from a suburban concept to one with much broader and varies applications (Shopping Centre Development Handbook). According to Urban Land Institutes (1990), shopping centre is defined as â€Å"A group of commercial establishments, planned, developed, owned, arid managed as a unit related in location, size and type of shops to the trade area it serves; it provides on-site parking in definite relationship to the types and sizes ofthe store (James (1993, p. 3)). Recently, Urban Land Institutes has redefmed this definition so that a shopping centre must have a minimum of three commercial establishments, and, in the case of urban 9 shopping centres, their on-site parking needs may be relat ed not only to the types and sizes of the stores but also to the availability of of-site parkings and alternate means of access (Shopping Centre Development Handbook). However, it is not easy to derive a universally accepted definition of shopping centre because of several reasons. Shopping centres range in size from a very few shops to those with hundred number of shops, offering a full range of shopping provisions including large department stores, restaurants, supermarkets, entertainment facilities and parking spaces as well. 3. 1 The Principle ola ShopphigCentreThe successful of a shopping centre depends on many factors such as design and layout, its locatIon, its catehment areas, the way the business is run by the shop traders and whether there is any competition within the vicinity. ! Before constructing of the shopping centre, developer should understand the position of the centre in order to avoid competition with other centres The centre will depend on the size and the popu lation to classify as community shopping centre or regional shopping centre. Also it will depend on the location that the transport can be reached together with visiting carparks.Then, developers should identify the role and function, and choose the most 20 suitable theme and target groups of retailers and shoppers. For any type of shopping centre will play different role and provide different goods and services to the specified catchment population. A good shopping centre requires to strength its image by special features and good facilities. 3. 1. 2 Locationnfa Shopping Centre Location is one of the paramount important elements for a shopping centre, accessibility and visibility should be taken into account. The best location for a shopping centre should e located at strategic location in well-developed district such as area close to railway stations or any transport interchanges. Retailers will decide to run their business as high visibility and easy accessibility of a shopping c entre will increase the pedestrian flow; also shoppers from other districts will be attracted to this centre. 3. 1. 3 Catchment Area To defme the catchment area is one of the major factors affecting the success of a shopping centre, developer should understand the needs of customers, and tailor-made the design and different type of shopping centre will have different criteria for catchment area. . 1. 4 Accessibility and Interlink The key to a successnul shopping centre plan is to attracted more pedestrians as they are potential shoppers. The greater the concentration, the better the shops will be run their business. The City Plaza at Taikoo Shing and New Town Plaza in Shatin, pedestrians have passed through the shopping centre; 2! the provision of covered footbridge linking to all shopping centres is an example of diverting the pedestrian flow. The more time the shoppers stayed in the shopping centre, the more chance they spend.The trades of the retailers must make special arrangeme nt, so that shoppers visit all parts of the shopping centre will not feel tired and lose their interest. 3. 1. 5 Ten ant Mix Selection of well-known brand names and anchor tenants is critical to strengthen the centre and appeal to others as pulling effect may be result by such tenant. It can also attract shoppers to visit all parts of the centre and maximize the attraction ofprospective customers. However, the routing of centre should be well designed and balanced for all retailers.The success of a shopping centre may rely on proper designation of trades in its appropriate locations to create pedestrian flow to induce shoppers. In addition, a trade balance is also good for a shopping centre. Apart from catering the local needs, anchor tenants may attract more shoppers. Major tenants such as department stores, supermarkets, large Chinese and Western restaurants, chain stores and entertainment facilities such as iceskate field and cinemas. Beside the desigiated trades, some criterion for different trades should be considered. a) licensing requirements such as food premises require the provision of drainage, extra water supply and exhaust arrangement; (b) eleclricity supply for fast food shop and large consumption of electricity imdes; 22 (e) air conditioning for some trades require addition cold water and (d) floor loading will be considered for some trades that require installing heavy machines. 3. 1. 6 DecoratiGn hi order to attract tenants running their business in the shopping centre, the decorations should be glamour and attractive to induce potential and anchor raders. The layout of the shopping centre is a key factor in patronage and increasing the business promising. In addition, it is also ensured that customers could be convenient and easy to follow the route; the signages are easily to identify, so that to attract them from one end to the others, and from the first floor to the second, third and up to the fourth floor, etc. Furthermore, any dead-end t o be avoided, and harmony standard in design and layout of the shopping centre should be included the design of the shopfront entrances and finishes. . 1. 7 Sliopfront Standard glass panels are installed in the front of each shop, which enable tenants to display their products or demonstrate the services to be provided in order to attract customers. To maintain a continuity and uniformity of the shopfront, all tenants are requested to make use of the metal facade above the glass panels to place their trade name and logo. 3. 1. 8 Entrances The entrances for a shopping centre must be as attractive as possible; locations 23 must be at a concentration of pedestrian flow.In addition, a successful shopping centre should provide enough customers flow especially in peak hour and season, and each entrance should be conspicuous and brig1t enough to draw attention of the pedestrians arid passers-by. It also is as wide or grand a possible so as to produce an elegant or classic image in order to impress both tenants and shoppers. A narrow entrance gives an unpleasant outlook and is unattractive. 3. 1. 9 Finishes The finishes should make customers feel comfortable, in which colour should be consistent with the theme of the shopping centre.The external wail facade of the shopping centre should be furnished with pink and yellow tiles together with tempered glass glazing, in which light coloured materials could brighten up the appearance of the shopping centre. For internal wall facade with the corridors, mirrors should be installed on the wall. It makes customers feel more comfortable as space in the corridor looks like ‘arger. In addition, in the prominent places, the wall should be covered by stainless steel, porcelain enamel or coated metal cladding. Furthermore, floors could be applied ceramic tiles and granite tiles in the open areas.However, for those areas in the centre of the shopping centre could pave granite slab and polished homogenous tiles to upgrade the sh opping centre. Finally, the false ceiling with light trough could be covered the ceiling. 3. 1. 10 Signage System In order to direct pedestrian flow and strengthen the identity of the shopping 24 centre, a sizable name of the shopping centre with logo should be placed in the external wall; in which is easy eye-catching for the customers. In addition, an external advertising paniel for anchor tenants should be installed on the Mall facade the main street.Furthermore, name of the tenants is shown in each floor together with a guide map, directories showing each tenant at each floor on the wall near the escalators and staircases. Main directories showing tenants under different trade groups can be installed at the main access to facilities customers to identify and locate specified trade more easily. However, restriction must also be imposed on the size, colour and method of illuminating the signboards so as to obtain a better appearance as a whole. The amount of wording used and the s ize of lettering should be strictly controlled. . 1. 11 Marketing Marketing in which plays an Important role In the retailing business. the chief target is provided a pleasant environment for the customers to spend their money, while tenants to promote their sales. The duty ofthe marketing people must realize that the aggressive advertising and promotion campaigns required huge amounts to pay for such activities. In addition, the on-going market analysis to explore the ever changing of market conditions, customers' behaviours, purchasing power, attitude, social taste and trend should be studied to adapt the change.Market exposure is an important to gain the latest market intelligence, so that pro-active strategies could be formulated to strike for survival and expansion. 3. 1. 12 Management 25 A successful centre can also be attributed to an efficient and effective management; management a centre is a challenging role that requires all ski11s knowledge of a professional Management C ompany. From the shop tenants' point of view, they desire reasonable profits, while from the customers' point of view; they expect an attractive, comfortable and constant flow of traders.Due to face with ever changing environment, high expectation from the tenants and customers, and the competitiveness in the vicinity, it is essential that effective and efficient management together with innovative marketing concepts should be adapted. 3. 1. 13 Promotion The centre should be designed to strengthen promotional and publicity activities with an aim to draw the public's awareness to generate traffic and patronage, so as to create additional sales. More creative and innovative promotion activities, free coupons for shopping arid particular prize winning events will be introduced.In additIon variety show features and popular artists will be invited during holIdays. Promotion campaign will include: to work out promotional programmes schedules to be linked with the theme of the centre; to a rrange seasonal and festival decorations; to issue shopping guide, display panels and newsletter; to maintain a web site to publicize information and activities relating to the Mall; arid arrange gatherings and meetings with shop tenants, district Councils and community groups. oT;u) ifs] s] sjflfl 26 Much of the impetus for shopping centre development came from USA and by the id-1950s; three main types of shopping centre had been recognized by developers, architects, plamiers and geographers (Dawson 1983). Shopping centres were originally divided into three principal types – neighbourhood, community and regional; recently, the development of specialized markets opportunity, numerous types of shopping centres have evolved. The acceptance of this three-fold classification has become one of the established truths of modern urban geography and remained in common use despite the subsequent development ofmany centres which clearly do not fit any ofthe three ategories. The classifi cation has become less meaningnzl because there are increases in the numbers of centres arid the irmovations in tenant policy design, location and development practices (Dawson 1983). The increase in hybrid shopping centre makes the types of shopping centres difficult to distinguish; therefore the major tenant classifications and to a lesser extent the centre size and trade area determinate the type of centre. 4_ ff1rf ;i;rn; i The neighbourhood shopping centres provide for the sale of convenience goods such as food, drugs, sundries and personal services.This centre is usually based on a supermarket and covers a wide range of convenience goods including personal services such as laundry, dry cleaning and shoe repairs. It serves a localized catchment population less than 50,000. (Planning Department, 2001). It provides convenience goods and services which 27 consumers needs immediately and frequently. Shoppers as a rule find it most convenient to buy such goods and services near home or near workplace. Majority ofthis shopping centre is located in public housing estates. Most are less than 30,000-100,000 square feet (Shopping Centre DevelopmentHandbook, 1999). Typical Gross Leasable area is 50,000 square feet. Shopping centres locate in public and private housing estates are typical example such as Metiopolis Plaza locates at Sheung Shui near the Kowloon Canton Railway. The shopping arcade is on level I and 2 just underneath the three domestic blocks, with 60 shops of a total rentable area of 56,433 square feet. There are 129 private car and i i 9 bicycle parking spaces respectively. The centre is also accessible by public bus, public light bus and taxi, In addition, there are 22 lorry carpark spaces and 2 cargo lifts for loading and unloading.Between level i and 2, there are 2 escalators for customers. The centre is satisfied for local residents' need as it includes food & beverage shops, convenience shops, boutique shops, shoes and leather shops, electrical a ppliance shops and others. 3. 2. 2 The Crnmnunity Shopping Centre Community shopping centre is built around a small department store or variety stores as anchor tenant. In addition to a supermarket provides convenience goods and offers a wide range of comparison goods and personal services. It usually locates in new town centre with convenient transportation network and erves a catehment population of about 50,000 to 1,OOOOOO (Planning Department, 2001). The range of the area is 100,000-450,000 square feet (Shopping Centre Development Handbook, 1999). Typical Gross rental area is 28 150,000 square feet. This type of shopping cenfre also offers greater depth and range of merchandise and goods than neighbourhood shopping centre. It provides certain categories of goods, particularly commodities, which are less likely to be found in regional shopping centre. It attracts shoppers through the provision offull range ofshopping faciLities and goods. The maIn attraction ofthis kind f centre is usually the department store or some anchor tenants like ParkN Super Store, McDonald's Restaurant and Maxim's Chinese Restaurant. On the other hand, neighbourhood shopping centres have potential power to be a community shopping centre as their sizes and populations are strong enough to support them, just as some community shopping centre can expand into regional shopping centre. Therefore, the position of community shopping centre is the â€Å"in-between† centre, and it is hard to categorize. Tuen Mun Town Plaza and Shatin New Town Plaza, Telford Garden in Kowloon Bay are categorized as regional shopping centre.Shopping centres in Hong Kong such as Hang Fa Chuen in Chai Wan and City plaza in Taikoo Shing with several residential blocks in the vicinity, are categorized as community centres. 3. 2. 3 The Regional Shopping Cenfre Regional shopping centre usually has one or two full-line department stores, and the size can be range from 300,000 to 900,000 square feet, which can be served more than 150,000 populations. This type of shopping centre is a comparison trading centre, customers are visited on a regularly period or 29 occasional shopping trip to purchase goods such as fashion, shoes, furniture nd electrical appliances; customers usually make the prices comparison before they buy. It usually serves Hong Kong people as a whole. It includes local residents, office people as well as tourists. For example, Landmark at Central, it provides consumer durable goods, personal services as well as entertainment. The catchrnent area of this centre involving into different district areas and serves for large group of population. Shopping centres such as Pacific Place, Landmark, Time Square at Causeway Bay arid Ocean Terminal at Tsim Sha Tsui and Festival Walk that serve for people in different districts. . 2. 4 Specialty Shopping Centre J_n Hong Kong, this kind of shopping centre represents relatively small categories of the market, typical example such as gol den Shopping Centre in Shamshuipo for various types ofcomputer hardware and software. Golden Shopping Arcade is suited at Yen Chow Street and Kwei Lin Street in Shamsbuipo district. It is just a few steps away from the Shamshuipo Mass Transit Railway station, and public buses, public light buses and taxi can also be accessed. There are about 70 shops occupying two levels of the arcade. Beside he retailing shops, there are shops selling computer hardware and software of various brands and models. No matter new and experienced computer users, the arcade attracts them as the centre provides various software and hardware at lower prices. 30 3. 3 The Development f Shopping Centre According to Schiller, i 985, the term of shopping centre is ambiguous in Britain. It can mean either a comprehensive shopping development, as it does it most other countries, or a clustering of traditional shops in a town centre. Town centre can include planned and unplanned retail areas; however shopping centr e is often oosely used to mean a group of shops, which has been designed, planned, developed, owned, marketed and managed as a unit. Shopping centre is a planned assemblage of shop units which may or may not exist as part of sopping district, in which a shopping district can consist oftwo or more shopping centres. In Britain, many town centres has been developed as a shopping centre. According to McGildrick & Thompson, 1991), the massive suburban expansion in the last thirty to forty years has produced the features of urban landscape usually associated with the term â€Å"Shopping Centre†, but the British residential sprawl

Those Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden - 2045 Words

Those Winter Sundays In â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, Robert Hayden introduces us to the theme of love unlike in any other poems. The theme of love in this poem is different from any other contemporary love themes because here, Hayden doesn’t talk about the amorously affectionate emotion between young lovers like Romeo and Juliet, but the deep familial love between a parent and a child. This kind of love is not pretentious. Their love is not exhibited by kisses or hugs; while it may go unnoticed it is always in existence. Hayden showcases the love between the parent and a child as the most selfless and strongest love of them all. Hayden defines an unspoken love and offers us a glimpse into an ordinary father-child relationship by the use of literary elements such as sound, point of view of the speaker and imagery with vivid description that includes details that appeal to the senses. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† is a short lyric poem. It is written in a simple language and is clear and precise. Its metaphors are those of everyday life. The opening stanza of the poem, which refers to â€Å"my father,† establishes a first-person speaker. It also shows that the speaker is recalling a time when he was a child. The speaker presents us with the atmosphere around which his father worked. For example in lines one and two, â€Å"Sundays too my father got up early/blueblack cold† (1-2). Here the â€Å"Sundays†, and the â€Å"early† signifies the great devotion of speaker’s father. He gets up early even on Sundays,Show MoreRelated`` Those Winter Sundays `` By Robert Hayden1408 Words   |  6 Pagesa postmodern poet, yet Robert Hayden did just that in his poem, â€Å"Those Winter Sundays.† The poet utilizes his own alienation as a tool to reveal an insider’s view on the issues of his time. Robert Hayden was born in a poor suburb outside Detroit on August 4, 1913. His name at birth was Asa Bundy Sheffey. He was raised, however, as Robert Hayden, the name given by his foster parents. Hayden’s foster parents happened to live across the street from where Hayden was born. Hayden did not discover the storyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Those Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden1245 Words   |  5 Pagesthings lead people to misunderstand each other. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† is a poem written by Robert Hayden in 1962. In the poem, the speaker remembers his past experiences with this father as it describes the typical winter Sundays for the protagonist . The poem illustrates the broken relationship between the speaker and the father, without saying it directly, but instead through the way the poem is formatted. In the poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, Robert Hayden exposes a broken relationship due to understandingRead More`` Those Winter Sundays `` By Robert Hayd en908 Words   |  4 Pagestheir fathers in one way as a child and grow to see them in a whole different light as adults. The richness and complexity of the child and father relationship are the reason many poets write about fatherhood and fathers. The poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden is an interesting poem. This poem tells of an adult’s perspective of his father. From the poem, it is clear that there is the distance between the child and the father and inadequate communication. However, at the end of the poemRead MoreThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden611 Words   |  2 PagesPoets and Their Fathers â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, â€Å"My Father as a Guitar† by Martin Espada, and â€Å"Digging† by Seamus Heaney are three poems that look into the past of the authors and dig up memories of the authors fathers. The poems contain similar conflicts, settings, and themes that are essential in helping the reader understand the heartfelt feelings the authors have for their fathers. With the authors of the three poems all living the gust of their life in the 1900’s, their biographicalRead MoreThose Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden1152 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Hayden’s 1966 poem entitled â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† is a seemingly superficial illustration of a typical Sunday morning in the narrator’s childhood home. The short length of the poem, along with the use of straightforward diction, however, conceals the darker subject matter that the author is trying to convey. The poem describes the narrator’s regret, in hindsight, that he did not recognize or appreciate his father’s love during childhood. Through his strategic use of punctuation, specificRead More Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Those winter Sundays written by Robert Hayden is a poem to ponder for a while. The poem may look simple, but analyzing it deeply shows that is a complicated one with a well-defined sentiment of no appreciation and sorrow towards his father. These sentiments will change to the end of the poem. Also, the poem can be understood in various ways: one way could be a positive feeling from the writer towards his father or the otherRead MoreThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesThose Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden tells about a child’s indifferent relationship with his father. The poem explains all of the things the father did for his child without being asked or thanked. It then jumps to the child’s point of view and tells what they say as a child as to what they see now as an adult looking back. The child, who is now grown, shows signs of regret as he looks back at how he treated his father, who sounds to have passed away. Finally, in the final lines the speaker realizesRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Hayden s Those Winter Sundays 937 Words   |  4 Pagesselfless best describes the father in Robert Hayden’s, â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, as well as mine. Because of this I decided to write my first paper for this class about the relationship between a father and son. Before taking this class I was never able to relate to a poem quite like this one. Especially when it comes to how hard a good parent is willing work to provide for their family. How despite the fact that my Father, much like the father mentioned in Robert Hayden’s poem, did not receive the recognitionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Those Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden858 Words   |  4 Pageshostility towards a child transformed into abhorrence regarding the parents. In â€Å"Those Winter Sundays,† Robert Hayden displays the unconditional hidden love and ingratitude through a distant, strained father-son relationship by the usage of characterization through imagery. The lyric poem is a remorseful coming of age story of a young adult with a  sudden reminiscence of his childhood relationship with his father.    Hayden decorates the poem with symbolism to portray the hidden love and sentiments possessedRead MoreThose Winter Sundays By Robert Hayden And Magic Of Love957 Words   |  4 Pages People have different perceptions and ways to show love. In the poems â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden and â€Å"Magic of Love† by Helen Ferries, the poets describe love in two different ways. These two poems have differences and similarities. Both poems have the same theme which is love; however, they have different uses of imagery and dissimilar tones. The first poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† defines the meaning of love and describes the love the son has for his father s; on the other hand, the

Gender And Academic Performance Among College Students

Ethnic Identification in Relation to Gender and Academic Performance among College Students Only a certain number of people graduate from high school or obtain a GED. Even fewer of them go on to pursue a post-secondary education and obtain a degree. It is obvious that many factors contribute to this lowered rate of degree obtainment such as tuition cost, being overwhelmed by the advanced curriculum, and the loss motivation; however, another factor that may contribute to this issue is simply the way one feels about him/herself. Although the most crucial time for self/identity development is probably during adolescence, it is still possible for people’s sense of identity to change. It may be possible that people’s ethnic identity, specifically, can change as they become older and gain more life experiences. Identity is defined as a â€Å"tool† that individuals and groups use to classify and present themselves to others and the world (Owens, 2003). Ethnicity is one aspect of identity that has been studied in relation to academic performance by several different researchers. For instance, Zarate, Bhimji, and Reese (2005) examined how Latino/a high school youth, residing mostly in Southern California, chose ethnic labels to describe themselves. In this study, graduate Latino/a students from UCLA conducted interviews in the language that each participant chose: Spanish, English, or both. During these interviews, respondents were given a sheet of paper that included various ethnicShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Academic Performance...1690 Words   |  7 PagesFACTORS AFFECTING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF FIRST YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS OF THE DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF BANGUED FIRST SEMESTER 2010-2011 Mary B. Gallardo,MST-Math, Alfreinell S. Castillo, BSC, Jessie T. Sibayan, AB, Marianito T. Taeza, AB, and G. Regil D.Valera, BSCE Registrar’s Office, Divine Word College of Bangued June 1, 2011. 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Getting into a college was effortless and acquiring degrees was a piece of cake. In 1983, A Nation at Risk was published and Americans realized how inferior their education systems really were. Due to the decline in test scores in American schools, education standards became much stricter and new intelligence exams were introduced. Presently, standardizedRead MoreDepression And Anxiety Among College Students Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesamongst college students and most cannot manage the high demands and stress (Falsafi, 2016). Therefore, they feel more prone to depression and anxiety (Falsafi, 2016). According to the authors Miller Chung, mental health amongst college students in the United States is a growing public health concern and educators are concerned about the low academic performance of college students and how it influences their mental health (Miller, Chung, 2009). 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Consequently, this led the researchers to study the role of anxiety among foreign language learners and review the current psychological factors which are involved in it, that reflect negatively on the students’` academic performance. This

Night, by Eliezer Wiesel Essay - 1060 Words

Throughout a person’s life, he or she expects to have a significant person who will always be there to help out with any given task. The first thought in one’s mind reveals an apparent image of a mother or father, caring for their child. Parents remain as constant representations of how one should care for another; they exhibit protective instincts their children become accustom to, and one would not know how to carry on without their guidance. Presented through the topics of assets, losses, and differing questions in his autobiography Night, Eliezer Wiesel displays the idea of how changing circumstances can cause one to contemplate everything they once held to be true and finite. Every person needs an anchor, someone†¦show more content†¦Another remarkable example of the idea that one’s family can be his or her anchor shows up when Elie runs into his relative Stein. Elie recalls Stein saying, â€Å"‘The only thing that keeps me alive [†¦ ] is to know that Reizel and the little ones are still alive. Were it not for them, I would give up’† (Wiesel 45). A clear statement of how much Stein’s family means to him, Elie lies to him, saying that they all continue to be safe. The thought of his family out of harm’s way brings peace to Stein’s troubled mind. The instance with Stein’s peace of mind appears identical to the speaker in â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham† when â€Å"The mother smiled to know that her child Was in the sacred place† (Randall 22-23). Knowing of her child’s whereabouts eases the mother’s mind. The mother expresses concern in previous lines of Randall’s poem, stating premonitions such as â€Å"the dogs are fierce and wild, And clubs and hoses, guns and jails† (6-7) and â€Å"I fear those guns will fire† (14). On an opposing side, Rabbi Eliahu’s son abandons his father in fear that his chances of surviving w ill be altered for the worse. Despite this unsightly fact, Rabbi Eliahu asks, â€Å"Perhaps someone here has seen my son?† (Wiesel 90). He hopes he may find his son, who he holds dear as his anchor. Inevitably, loss remains an ever-present reminder of howShow MoreRelatedNight, By Eliezer Wiesel1585 Words   |  7 Pages There are many important themes and overtones to the book Night, by Eliezer Wiesel. One of the major themes from the book includes the protagonist, and author of his memoire, Elie Wiesel’s ever changing relationship with God. An example of this is when Moche the Beadle asked Elie an important question that would change his life forever, as the basis of his passion and aptitude for studying the ancient texts and teachings of Judaism, â€Å"When Moche the Beadle asked Elie why he prayed, Elie couldn tRead MoreAltruism In Night By Eliezer Wiesel976 Words   |  4 PagesIn Night, altruism is what separates man from a beast of the concentration camp. Humans as a species differ from the majority of the animal kingdom in their willingness to sacrifice their own well-being for the benefit of others. To be human is to be compassionate and caring for your fellow man. In Night, Eliezer Wiesel shows that humanity can be usurped. Subjected to the inhuman conditions of the Nazi concentration camps, Eliezers sense of altruism and compassion essentially disappear, leavingRead MoreThe Novel Night By Eliezer Wiesel1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel Night by Eliezer Wiesel tells the tale of a young Elie Wiesel and his experience in the concentration camps,and his fight to stay alive . The tragic story shows the Jewish people during the Holocaust and their alienation from the world. Elie’s experience changes him mentally, and all actions taken while in the concentration were based on one thing...Survival. In the book, Elie talks a little about life before the Germans came in and forced them to give up their humanity. During thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliezer Wiesel s Night1480 Words   |  6 PagesEliezer Wiesel is a Nobel-Prize winning writer, teacher and activist known for the novel Night, in which he recounts his experiences surviving the Holocaust. After he was freed from Buchenwald in 1945, Wiesel went on to study at the Sorbonne in France from 1948-1951 and took up journalism, writing for the French and the Israeli publications. His friend, Francois Mauriac encouraged him to write about his experiences in the camps; Wiesel then published in Yiddish the memoir And the World Would RemainRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel842 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes of Night and the imagery that the author, Elie Wiesel, uses to create them. The themes we will discuss are identity, silence, and night. !!!About the Book If you were an observant Jew who believed in a loving God, then you and your family were captured by a group of ill-intentioned people, causing the death of your family, what would you think about whether God and humans are good or not? That is the main concern of Eliezer, the main character in Night. Night was writtenRead MoreNight : A Personal Account Of The Holocaust And The Brutal Reality Of Concentration Camps1353 Words   |  6 PagesSkipper Dr. Provost History 4336 6 October 2016 Night is a personal account of the Holocaust and the brutal reality of concentration camps in Poland. The short narrative is written by Elie Wiesel, an orthodox Jew, that was taken from his home in Sighet, a small town in Transylvania and forced to experience life within the walls of one of the deadliest concentration camps of the Holocaust. It was not until 1944 that Hungary, where Wiesel and his family resided, was affected by the catastropheRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the memoir Night, written by Elie Weisel, you take a journey through the 1940s, and learn what it was like to live during the Holocaust. Night records the life of Elie Wiesel during his teen years, and the oppression he and his family went through because of their Jewish descent. The Holocaust was a horrifying genocide where Adolf Hitler and the Nazis strived to wipe out the Jewish race, as well as Poles, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Gypsies, etc. Jews were taken from their homesRead MoreNight by Elie Wiesel646 Words   |  3 PagesTen years after WWII, Elie Wiesel’s novel Night was published in 1955. Night describes â€Å"his memories of life inside four different Nazi death camps,† as he was one of the few Jews to survive the Holocaust during WWII (Sanderson). Wiesel’s autobiographical novel makes him â€Å"the best-known contemporary Holocaust writer and novelist,† and reveals the impact of the concentration camps on humanity and for the individual (Sibelman).As a negative Bildungsroman, Night depicts â€Å"a coming of age story in whichRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 PagesJews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connect with the victims of the Holocaust, encourages themRead MoreNight Cause Effect Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesApril 9th, 2013 Merchant 2A Night Cause and Effect Essay The book called Night by Eliezer Wiesel is the true story of Wiesel’s experiences during the holocaust. Wiesel was born in the town of Sighet, Transylvania; he was a teenager when he and his family were taken from their home in 1944, and moved to the Auschwitz concentration camp. This book is Eliezer terrifying record of his memories about how Jewish people were transferred to concentration camps. Eliezer explains how the Nazis treated

Database Management System Relational Data Structures CQR

Question: Alan Counting, Edward Quals and Peter Rofit are in partnership in an accounting practice, CQR. The practice specialises in taxation, auditing and financial advice for small to medium sized clients. They started the practice in 2005 and it has grown to now employ 25 people. These employees include other accountants and office staff. Alan, Edward and Peter believe the practice is headed for a period of significant growth and have come to you to help them redevelop their Client Billing (CB) system so that it copes better with their workflows and supports future growth opportunities. At the moment, when a client turns up for a scheduled appointment or when an accountant visits a client, the client's information is referenced using the clients name. If it is the first contact between the practice and client, the client is asked to complete their details (i.e. name, address, contact name, contact number, ABN, TFN, structure, sector, service) on a client information form. Some of this information is optional based on the type of client and area they operate in. For example, some clients are simply salary and wage earners looking for assistance to complete tax returns and would not have an ABN, whilst others are companies requiring advice and assistance with the many different aspects of operating their business. Once the relevant information is obtained for a new client, a unique client number is allocated to the client. The client is the legal entity being dealt with by the practice and clients are created based on their business structure type. A client record can only have one structure type. Examples include sole trader, individual, private company, partnership and trust. If for example, two individuals operate a business as a private company, and they want their companys tax return completed as well as their own, a client record would be created for that private company and separate client records would be set up to deal with the affairs of each of the individuals. There are circumstances though where a legal entity sits within another but this is not obvious e.g. where the practice performs superannuation duties and compiles returns for a self-managed superannuation fund for an individual. In these circumstances, there are two client records - the individual and the superannuation fund. Sectors are the broad categories that allow grouping of clients for reporting purposes. Examples include retail, construction, financial services, hospitality and manufacturing. Occasionally new sector categories are created and the practice would like to record these with their code and description in a CRICOS Provider No. 00103D ITECH1006/5006 Database Management Systems - Assignment 1 Specification Sem3 2014 (201427) Vn. 2 Page 2 of 7 separate table. They would also like to be able to record that a client may operate in none, one or more sectors. Services are the broad categories that the practice offers. Examples include auditing, taxation, financial planning, corporate advice and superannuation administration. The practice would like to be able to record that a client must use at least one service but may use a number of services. The practice has a separate Human Resources (HR) system recording all employee details but for the purposes of billing, they record specific billing details about an employee within the CB system. This information is recorded based on the unique employee number assigned in the HR system. Within the CB system, all employees including Alan, Edward and Peter are given an employment domain, employee type, a charging/billing rate (see below) and an audit supervisor identifier. An employee may have multiple employment domains e.g. taxation, auditing, superannuation but only has one employee type e.g. accountant, administrator. The audit supervisor status refers to whether or not another employee is responsible for supervising and signing off on the audit of a client i.e. only the supervisor highest in the hierarchy is able to sign-off. Further details are recorded for each employee based on qualifications. An employee may have many qualifications and they may be specific to the particular employee type e.g. employees cannot have a public practice certificate unless they are an accountant. These qualifications should be chosen from a set rather than being separately keyed for each employee but they have had problems in their current system with ensuring the integrity of this data. All contact with the client - appointments at the client or at the practice's offices, letters, emails, phone calls to and from the client, auditing and stocktaking at the client - is billable to the client. All work conducted on behalf of the client - completing tax, superannuation or BAS returns, preparing Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet statements for the various legal entities used by a client/s, reviewing legislation or communicating with statutory authorities on behalf of the client - is also billable to the client. All staff bill/charge in spans of 15 minutes. That is, they record the amount of time they work on a particular client by entering a starting date and time for the work they do, as well as a category of work (these are from a reference set common to many accounting practices and occasionally have new references added) and must charge a minimum time of 15 minutes and charge in multiples of this amount. When they have finished their particular activity, they key in an ending time. They always end any opened charges on the same day. An employee can work for and bill against none, one or many clients. Two or more employees could work together on a job and in such a case separate billing records would be created for each employee. All employees as well as Alan, Edward and Peter have a charging rate which is the rate at which each individual is billed to the client. The charging rate is an hourly figure. The charging rates are reviewed yearly by Alan, Edward and Peter. Their review is based on consideration of: (a) the experience and salary of employees; (b) the overheads of the practice (some costs are not directly attributable to the client but are incurred as part of the running of the practice); and (c) their hoped for profit and distributions to themselves as partners. Alan, Edward and Peter generally follow a process of determining the hourly charge/bill rate per employee based on the employee's salary and then multiply by the same factor for all to arrive at thefinal charge rate for the employee. You are not expected to provide the algorithm for this process but as noted below they would like to record the rate and time period for which it applies. As well as charging employee time, the practice also on-charges for services or costs that are directly incurred on behalf of the client e.g. lodgement fees, penalties or fines. At the end of each month the practice runs its monthly account run. The outstanding balance from the previous month for a client is obtained (stored previously), any payments or credits received are itemised, any work or on-costs performed for the client are also itemised and an outstanding balance for the client is calculated (stored) and included on the account. In some cases, summaries of accounts are also produced and an amalgamated account sent to an individual responsible for payment of a number of different billing clients. All these processes are handled by a separate, existing Accounts Payable (AP) system. You do not need to do anything in this assignment with respect to the monthly account run and this description is provided as background. As part of their intended improvements, Alan, Edward and Peter would like their system to handle the following situations: (a) For new and existing clients, the sector they operate in is recorded literally against each client rather than allowing for predefined categories to be used and therefore allow multiple categories to be assigned to the client. Alan, Edward and Peter believe if they could correctly record these categories they could identify growth areas with individual clients and within sectors themselves; (b) Alan, Edward and Peter believe there is similar scope to offer add-on services to clients but the data recorded against the client is literal and does not align with the categorisation of services provided by the practice. Generally what is recorded is the 'service' the client originally contacted the practice to perform and because of this the practice may be unclear or missing out on offering other services the client would benefit from; (c) Up to now the practice has not been able to keep historical employee charging rates - when the new rates are keyed in, the historical records are lost - as that information is not kept to that detail in the AP system. Alan, Edward and Peter would like this to change so that it is possible to record the rate per employee against a time period for which the rate applies. They would like this functionality to be in the CB system; (d) The practice would like some idea of how clients 'fit together'. That is they would like to be able to understand how many clients they have that are related in some way but are separated by legal structures. This will assist them with understanding if they have missed out on any service opportunities with existing clients. For example they would like to be able to run a report that groups the three clients mentioned earlier the private company and the two individuals. In such a case the two individual client records would point/link to the private company client record and the private company client record would link to no others. In each client record therefore there should be a relationship link attribute that allows this linking. So now give those questions answers as according to all the current asspects: (1) E-R diagram: adherence to our standard, assumptions made, inclusion of correct primary and foreign keys, appropriate entities, relationships, and attributes. (2) Relational data structures: correct and meaningful translation of your E-R diagram. (3) Normalisation: appropriate interpretation of each normal form, arguments for leaving the schema in the normal form you consider optimal. (4) Conversion of E-R diagram to relational schema: schema is a correct translation of the E-R submitted with appropriate tables, columns, and primary keys Answer: (1) E-R diagram (2)Relational DataStructures (A) It contains the different structures provided by CQR to the clients CQRStructureTypes( Structure varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Structure) ); (B) It contains the different sectors provided by CQR to group the clents CQRSectorTypes( Sector varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Sector) ); (C) It contains the different services provided by CQR to the clients CQRServicesTypes( Service varchar(50), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(Service) ); (D) ParentClientID is just to have link for individuals who are part of any private client. CQRClientsInfo( ClientID varchar(10), Name varchar(20), Address varchar(100), ContactNumber varchar(20), ABN varchar(20), TFN varchar(20), Structure varchar(50), Sector varchar(50), Service varchar(50), ParentClientID varchar(10) primaryKey(ClientID, Sector, Service) foreignKey(Structure) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Structure) foreignKey(Service) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Service) foreignKey(Sector) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Sector) ); (E) It contains information about different domains CQR supports CQREmploymentDomains( EmploymentDomain varchar(20), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(EmploymentDomain); ); (F) It contains information about different employee types CQR supports CQREmpTypes( EmpType varchar(20), Description varchar(200) primaryKey(EmpType); ); (G) It contains emploees information CQREmployeesInfo( EmpID varchar(10), EmploymentDomain varchar(20), EmpType varchar(10), BillingRate float, SupervisorID varchar(10) primaryKey(EmpID, EmploymentDomain); foreignKey(EmploymentDomain) references to CQREmploymentDomains(EmploymentDomain); foreignKey(EmpType) references to CQREmpTypes(EmpType); ); (H) It contins the employee hour rates history CQREmployeeHourRatesHostory( EmpID varchar(10), StartDate Date, EndDate Date, BillingRate float foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID) ); (I) It contains the work categories those can be done to client CQRWorkCategories( WorkCategory varchar(20), Charge flaot primaryKey(WorkCategory) ); (J) It contians the Client billing information CQRClientBilling( ClientID varchar(10), EmpID varchar(10), WorkCategory varchar(20), StartTime Date, EndTime Date, Bill float primaryKey(ClientID, EmpID, WorkCategory) foreignKey(ClientID) references to CQRClientsInfo(ClientID) foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID) ); (3)Normalisation of relations which identifies (A)Many clients can be mapped to same strucure type CQRClientsInfo ----many-one------ CQRStructureTypes (B) same clients can be mapped many sectors and many clients mapped to many secotrs CQRClientsInfo ----many-many------ CQRSecotrsTypes (C)Same clients can be mapped many services and many clients mapped to many services CQRClientsInfo ----many-many------ CQRServiceTypes (D) Same employees mapped to many domains and many employees mapped to many domains CQREmployeesInfo ----many-many------ CQREmploymentDomains (E)Many employees mapped to one employee type CQREmployeesInfo ----one-many------ CQREmpTypes (F) One client mapped to many works and many clients mapped one work. CQRClientBilling ----many-many------ CQRWorkCategories (G)CQRClientsInfo is not in 1NF as address field is not atomic CQRClientsInfo key (ClientID, Sector, Service), rest of the columns depending on ClientID which is part of the key. It is not in 2NF. CQREmployeesInfo key (EmpID, EmploymentDomain), rest of the columns depending on EmpID which is part of the key. It is not in 2NF. CQRClientBilling key (ClientID, EmpID, WorkCategory), rest of the columns depending on ClientID which is part of the key, it is not in 2NF. Rest all other relations maintained in 3NF. (4)Relational schema corrected to 3NF: CQRStructureTypes(Structure, Description, primaryKey(Structure)); CQRSectorTypes(Sector, Description, primaryKey(Sector)); CQRServicesTypes(Service, Description, primaryKey(Service)); CQRClientsInfo(ClientID, Name, StreetName, City, Country, ContactNumber, ABN, TFN, Structure, ParentClientID, primaryKey(ClientID), foreignKey(Structure) referenced by CQRStructureTypes(Structure)); CQRClientsSectors(ClientID, Sector, primaryKey(ClientID, Sector), foreignKey(Sector) referenced by CQRSectorsTypes(Sector)); CQRClientsServices(ClientID, Service, primaryKey(ClientID, Service), foreignKey(Service) referenced by CQRServicessTypes(Service)); CQREmployeeHourRatesHostory(EmpID, StartDate, EndDate, BillingRate, foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID)); CQRWorkCategories(WorkCategory, Charge, primaryKey(WorkCategory)); CQRClientBilling(ClientID, StartTime, EndTime, primaryKey(ClientID)); CQRClientWorkCategories(ClientID, WorkCategory primaryKey(ClientID) foreignKey(WorkCategory) references to CQRWorkCategories(WorkCategory)); CQRClientEmployees(ClientID, EmpID primaryKey(ClientID) foreignKey(EmpID) references to CQREmployeesInfo(EmpID));

People V. Larry Flynt Essay Example For Students

People V. Larry Flynt Essay The movie of focus, People vs. Larry Flynt, is a film by Milos Forman which stars Woody Harrelson as Flynt. Larry Flynt is the president and publisher of Hustler magazine. Hustler is sort of the Mad magazine of written pornography which was started in the early 1970s. The interest for me was seeing how this movie depicts the sexual exploitation of women in the sex industry with a specific look at how the material devalues women. The movie starts out in 1952 with a young Larry Flynt along with his younger brother peddling moonshine somewhere in Kentucky. Twenty years later they own a strip club in Cincinnati, Ohio called Hustler. Larry says, If we could let people know what great lays these girls are, wed have something. His magazine begins with an idea of a Hustler newsletter containing only a few double sided pages of written and nudie material geared for men on the go. From there he built a million dollar porn magazine which today is sold globally. The moral majority protested heavily against Flynt and his magazine on grounds that the material was corrupting peoples thoughts and actions. Keep in mind, Playboy magazine was legally operating at this time. The difference between the two magazines was not that they contain nude pictures of women but the quality of the pictures themselves. Hustlers pictures were more vivid, real and risky; Playboys pictures were more artsy geared for an upper class man. Hustler also included pictures and stories of the sexual acts like bestiality. Flynt raised eyebrows and dropped jaws with every issue of his magazine, but one issue in particular really got peoples attention. In this issue, the magazine targeted the Reverend Jerry Falwell, former president of the Moral Majority, in a liquor ad parody recounting his first time. The ad featured Falwells first time with his mother in an outhouse. Falwell sued Flynt for libel, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Hearin g this Flynt counter sued which ultimately brought this case to the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1988, the high court ruled unanimously in Flynts favor. As you can imagine, the ruling exacerbated the controversy further among the moral majority, feminist, and freedom lovers across the nation. After viewing this movie, I decided to redirect my research from how pornography devalues women to the controversial issue of the high courts decision. I found that probably the biggest groups to debate censorship of pornography are those feminist groups. However, they dont agree as a whole; the groups are split in half. Some feminists believe that pornography doesnt degrade women; it empowers them and censorship of things like pornography would only bring further discrimination. On the other hand, we have those right winged feminist who sincerely believe that degradation of women in pornography leads to criminal acts such as rape. They only reach a consensus in regards to strengthening their 1st Amendment Right by protesting against pornography or supporting it. Unsure of my opinion on the correlation of pornography and rape, I considered two articles: (1) Egalitarian, sexist, and aggressive sexual materials: attitude effects and viewer responses; and (2) Mens enjoyment of explicit erotica: effects of person-specific attitudes and gender-specific norms. In the first article, research on sexual attitudes was conducted among a sample of college students in Syracuse University. Hypothesis one was that both sexist and sexually aggressive scenes would increase acceptance of sexist attitudes; Hypthothesis two was that only sexually aggressive scenes would increase acceptance of rape myths and sexual coercion (Bauserman, 1988). Study one was conducted to identify the ways in which the sample described what sexism and sexual aggression meant to the sample. The second study examined change in attitude. Hypothesis one was weakly supported. Hypothesis two was totally rejected. This wasnt surprising to me. The idea that there is more correlation than th at is absurd, because violence is not sexual in any way. It is simply an act of empowerment over another individual using coercive means of doing so. In the case of rape, it is a sexual invasion to achieve a sense of domineering gratification for the offender over the victim to intentionally inflict harm. Therefore, rape and sex or sexuality can not be linked together. The second article focuses on the definitional differences between erotica and pornography. These two terms are commonly misconstrued in an industry such as pornography. By dictionary terms, erotica is defined as of, devoted to, or tending to arouse sexual love or desire, erotica as literary or artistic work having an erotic theme or quality (Lopez, 1995). Almost alike, pornography is defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement(1995). Studies were conducted to measure men and womens responses to sexually explicit material and to see whether gender-specific norms had anything to do w ith the enjoyment exhibited from several slides. The investigator approached person-specific attitude studies using an Erotophobia-Erotophilia terms which are defined as the disposition to respond to sexual cues along a negative-positive dimension of affect and evaluation (1995). The idea was that the enjoyment of the explicit material would be influenced by an individuals person-specific attitude. Lopez argues that the difference of gender-specific norms of males and females in sex is positively correlated with the enjoyment of sexually explicit materials. More specifically, gender-specific sexual norms for men allow more freedom for them to view the material and to express their supported desire openly through masturbation for example. Womens gender-specific sexual norms are more inhibited. This hypotheses were supported through his research. .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .postImageUrl , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:visited , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:active { border:0!important; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:active , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Since the dawn of human existence and literally th EssayWith the above said, it is safe to indulge deeper symbolically to give some meaning to why there is a double standard of sex between men and women. Perhaps women are supposed to be more conservative according to societal sexual norms. When a women dresses more provocatively, or she is promiscuous, she is referred to derogatorily. When the same situations for men are considered, its just a part of his manly hood. This could give some insight to why rape victims attain a sense of self responsibility for the rape or why some people think a women, a prostitute for example, might deserve a violation of rape because they br ought it on themselves. The fact about pornography is that it illustrates material that is brought from the private sphere to the public. It illustrates personal sexual material that defies what it considered moral among people with deep religious belief. Perhaps the major problem with pro-sex feminism has been its failure to embrace the mens magazines (Paglia, 1996). Do you think that if women participated actively in supporting porn magazines people wouldnt be so conservative about sexual ideas? Do you think if there was a balance in pornographic material among men and women alike there would be debate about the devaluation of women? I think sexual attitudes would become more liberal and women and men might find common interest with each other in that aspect. It would open doors sexually for couples in bedrooms. I disagree with the moral majority that pornography corrupts the mind and body. I believe if an individual is socialized knowing the difference in erotica and pornography there would be a deeper u nderstanding of sexual exploration and whats all involved including whats deviant. The movie, People vs. Larry Flynt, is really about 1st Amendment Rights. However, I found it thought provoking in regards to the big debate between Anti-porn feminists and those freedom lovers who think that an opposing decision of the Supreme Court in this particular case could have meant the abolishment of all 1st Amendment Rights to everyone no matter what the subject. Pornography in this case is simply a matter of taste not law. ReferencesBauserman, Robert. Egalitarian, sexist, and aggressive sexual materials: attitude effects and viewer responses. The Journal of Sex Research. V. 35, no.3 (1998). P. 244-53. Formon, Milos, dir. People vs. Larry Flynt. With Woody Harrelson and Edward Norton. Columbia Pictures, 1996. Lopez, Peter A.; George, William H. Mens enjoyment of explicit erotica: effects of person-specific attitudes and gender-specific norms. The Journal of Sex Research v. 32, no. 4 (1995). P. 275-88. Spalding, Alison D. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Gender Studies. Is The Sex Industry Harmful to Women? Ed. Camille Paglia. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 1998. 66-73.